PPP在水资源和环境卫生领域

近50%的发展中国家人口- 25亿人– 缺少良好的卫生设施，而且近10亿人还在使用不安全的饮用水源，甚至即便是有供水来源的人口常常获取的是不安全和不充分的服务。清洁水资源和环境卫生中的可持续发展目标6为2030年设定了如下艰难的目标：

• 6.1 实现所有人都能普遍和平等地获取安全和可负担的饮用水
• 6.2 实现所有人都能获充分和平等的环境卫生和卫生服务
• 6.4 从实质上在各领域增加用水效率

在一个基础建设密集领域，没有大规模的投资则无法提升接入和服务质量以达到可持续发展目标。在发展中国家中，水资源领域常年处于缺少资金和效率低下的状态。在这样的情况下，政府和社会资本合作（PPP）对于政府而言可被视为是（相较于其他选择）增进水资源领域的绩效和财政可持续性的工具之一。

以下副章节提供了更多相关信息以及法律法规和协议的示例。

• 水资源领域规章

• 水资源和环境卫生设施改造

  • Empresas Mixtas / 合资

• 城市供排水/环境卫生协议

  • 管理，运营，维护合同

  • 特许经营和建设-运营-移交（BOT）协议

  • 租借和租赁合同

  • 整体供应协议

• 小规模水务工程：农村和城乡结合部

• PPP在灌溉领域

• 盗窃/非技术性损失

• 工具包-水资源和环境卫生

• 延伸阅读-案例研究和经验教训

• 水资源和环境卫生工程中的性别主流化

延伸阅读

案例研究

• Panama - Estudio de Caso - Contrato de mejoras integrales de los servicios de agua potable en el Distrito de Colón, Panamá, Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), October 2014 (Spanish).
• China - Wastewater Treatment: Case Study of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Shanghai, Asian Development Bank (ADB) November 2010
• Jordan - Water Governance in Jordan – Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation, Studies on Water, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), June 2014.
• Tunisia - La gouvernance des services de l’eau en Tunisie – Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé, Studies on Water, OECD, June 2014 (French).

• Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities: A Review of Experiences in Developing Countries (2010) This report analyzes the market growth of PPPs in the developing world since 1990, and the performance of more than 65 large water PPP projects―representing more than 100 million people―for access, service quality, operational efficiency, and tariff levels.

• Water PPPs in Africa, World Bank Group, WSP, July 2014.

• Mixed Private-Public Ownership Companies “Empresa Mixta" (2011) This review of the empresa mixta model in Latin America was undertaken to better understand its structure, applicability and strength in mitigating risks in the water and sanitation sector.

• Ways To Improve Water Services by Making Utilities Accountable (2008) This review aims to help those who work in and with water utilities, as well as organized users, regulators, and policymakers to improve the quality of water services by making service providers more accountable to the people they serve.
• Characteristics of Well Performing Public Water Utilities - Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes (2006) This report presents findings on attributes of well-run public utilities and attempts to identify important factors that influence their performance. The scope is also largely oriented to utilities that serve urban communities, but with varying characteristics and service objectives.

• Key Topics in Public Water Utility Reform (2008) This report presents a framework of attributes of well-functioning utilities and how they have introduced key institutional changes. It aims to help water and sanitation sector practitioners choose and apply public utility reform approaches. The report concludes that structural trends are altering the landscape in which water utilities operate and that these alterations offer opportunities for change.

• The Limits and Possibilities of Prepaid Water in Urban Africa : Lessons from the Field (2014) by Chris Heymans, Kathy Eales and Richard Franceys, World Bank Group, Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), August 2014.

• Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality This study finds that child mortality fell 8 percent in the areas that privatized their water services.

• Investing in Water Infrastructure: Capital, Operations and Maintenance (2012) This paper outlines the major challenges when financing global water infrastructure. World Bank Group

• A Framework to Approach Shared Use of Mining-Related Infrastructure (2014) by Perrine Toledano, Sophie Thomashausen, Nicolas Maennling, and Alpa Shah, Vale Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment, Columbia University, 2014. The publication presents an economically, legally and operationally rational framework to enable shared use of mining-related infrastructure, including rail, ports, power, water, and internet and telecommunications (ICT).