Case studies on by-product Commercialization e.g. refuse derived fuel, methane capture, biochar, energy-from-waste, compost or recycling.

Infrastructure can create a virtual space, for example by incorporating a Municipal Geographic Information System (GIS) system into the e-governance system through PPP. The Municipal GIS aims to create, store, maintain, and facilitate retrieval of property data in digital format along with geocoordinates, se example below.

Urban congestion zone charges provide a method for reducing congestion, improving environmental impact, reducing accidents, and creating an additional revenue stream for transit projects in the zone.

Betterment levy are charges based on the specific benefit properties receives from public improvements.

Infrastructure projects should consider cost savings from e.g. building energy efficiency, LED streetlighting, rooftop or floating solar.

Results Based Payments from Third Parties e.g. Emissions Reduction Credits/offsets or Renewable Energy Certificates.

Some infrastructure is used intensively only at certain times, for example, sporting facilities or educational facilities, and these facilities can be used for revenue-generating purposes during off-periods.

Infrastructure sharing can include telecoms cables, power transmission, water aqueducts among others. 

In some cases existing buildings or facilities may be linked to the infrastructure investment. By commercializing these assets, government addresses the challenge of disused or underused assets and creates new revenue streams at the same time.

Infrastructure can be considered in a holistic manner, mandating a developer to deliver a larger investment program including commercial, economic, and social assets.