Kenya’s new constitution (passed in 2010), lay the groundwork for devolution. As with any country in transition, there is a lack of clarity between the roles and jurisdiction of the implementing authorities at the national and county levels in several areas. This creates challenges while implementing PPP projects, since the very right of the authority to develop the project or enter into an agreement with the private sector may be questioned.

Until 2002, Peru was one of the more centralized countries in Latin America. The government’s approach to fiscal decentralization was a cautious and gradual one. However, a policy shift in 2002 led to the passage of the Decentralization Framework Law, which established the guiding principles of a political and fiscal decentralization process.

政府和社会资本在基础建设领域的合作(PPP)是一种政府和社会资本共同参与以开发或巩固能源、水利、交通和电信领域的有效途径之一。当政府面临着不断老化的基础设施和更多运营服务需求时，与社会资本的合作将能有效促进寻求的新解决方案并引进清洁科技。

Some samples below:

• Toolkit for Public Private Partnership Frameworks in Municipal Solid Waste Management by ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited, INDIA, June 16, 2022.

Related Information:

More at Guidance Manuals for Local Governments.

Where relevant, reference is made to case summaries that help to show the relevance of these messages in the context of actual municipal PPP projects.

More at Guidance Manuals for Local Governments.