盗窃/非技术损失(水务和电力)
也许在成功运作公用设施服务相关的PPP中最大挑战之一就是有效应对“非技术性损失”----盗窃----公用设施服务中的委婉语。这主要是源于非法连接到现有电网，篡改或绕过计量设备或拒绝支付服务费用。根据不同的行业和国家，非技术损失率可以超过产出的50%，这导致了对PPP项目可行性的重大挑战，从而阻碍将服务扩大到服务不足地区的基础设施发展以及完善对现有客户的服务。
PPP在水资源和环境卫生领域
在一个基础建设密集领域，没有大规模的投资则无法提升接入和服务质量以达到可持续发展目标。在发展中国家中，水资源领域常年处于缺少资金和效率低下的状态。在这样的情况下，政府和社会资本合作（PPP）对于政府而言可被视为是（相较于其他选择）增进水资源领域的绩效和财政可持续性的工具之一。
5 Trends in Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Sanitation
Developing countries, facing the challenges of sustainability and financial viability due to the inescapable realities of poor water supply and sanitation services and constrained budgets, are looking at PPPs as an option worth considering to help performance or to develop new sources. Applying lessons learned from the past, with a better understanding of what PPPs in water can and cannot bring, water PPPs are being used increasingly by public utilities in a more focused way, to manage a specific subset of activities or challenges, such as increasing energy efficiency and water availability through non-revenue water management, or development of a new water source. The focus is on performance based contracting, with payments against outputs.
Gender & Water and Sanitation Projects
Water and sanitation projects that take gender differences into account can play a significant role in improving the health, education, social, economic, and overall well-being of women and girls and their communities. In many cultures women and girls bear, for example, the primary responsibility for collecting water for food preparation, drinking, bathing, washing and are the main caregivers for children, sick and elderly family members. Improved access to clean water and sanitation facilities located at a convenient distance from home can play an important role for the quality of life and safety of women and children and other vulnerable community members. Gender-responsive water and sanitation projects can also promote economic empowerment since they allow in particular women and girls to use time saved for more productive activities that can lead to increased financial independence.
Alianza Público-Privada/ Sector de Acueducto y Alcantarillado en Colombia by Beatriz Giraldo
Slides of this presentation
Alianza Público-Privada/ Sector de Acueducto y Alcantarillado en Colombia (ppt)
Video Presentation
Case study of Colombia - Alianza Público-Privada - Sector de Acueducto y Alcantarillado
Partenariat Public-Prive Cas de la Senegalaise des Eaux by Mamadou Dia
Mamadou Dia illustrated the case of Senegal as a model that can be adapted to other countries willing to engage in institutial reform. Mr. Dia, the Chief Executive Officer of the Sénégalaise des Eaux, stated that the water sector is financially self-sustainable and has improved the access for peri-urban areas as well as the quality of service improved.
Water & Sanitation PPP Toolkits
Listed below is a number of toolkits that comprises contracts, leases, affermages, concessions, divestitures relevant to private participation in both water supply and sanitation services, as well an overview of cases around the world.
Toolkit Structuring Private Sector Participation (PSP) Contracts for Small Scale Water Projects:
Water & Sanitation PPPs
Resources, toolkits, and documents on water and sanitation sector reform, regulation and PPP projects.
(This section includes PPP in Irrigation Projects.)
PPPs by Sector
Just as there are different types of public-private partnerships (PPPs), PPPs also exist in a variety of industry sectors. Each sector offers unique challenges and opportunities for PPPs due to differing legal, regulatory and investment considerations. Find more information about public private partnerships in the following sectors: