Severe traffic congestion and environmental degradation characterize Metro Manila, particularly at the city center where high density development continues. Urban sprawl has spilled over onto surrounding provinces that are within daily commuting distance, with population in these areas now reaching 5 million. About 22.5 million motorized trips are made each day—70 percent of which are taken on public transportation.
Low traffic volume, and the low toll revenues that result, contribute greatly to the failure of toll road public-private partnerships (PPPs). This risk has several sources, including forecasting error, uncertainty inherent to the forecasting process, and bias. While some level of traffic risk will always be present in highway PPPs, governments, the private sector, and financiers can take steps to reduce and manage this risk through robust forecasting techniques and selecting the appropriate project structure.
Low traffic volume, and the low toll revenues that result, contribute greatly to the failure of toll road public-private partnerships (PPPs). This risk has several sources, including forecasting error, uncertainty inherent to the forecasting process, and bias. While some level of traffic risk will always be present in highway PPPs, governments, the private sector, and financiers can take steps to reduce and manage this risk through robust forecasting techniques and selecting the appropriate project structure.
The main body of this study is structured into five sections. These sections are:
This sector note covers private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in low and middle income countries in 2015. The following trends stood out in 2015:
This guide has been developed to provide technical officials in developing country governments, their advisors, and other interested stakeholders, with an understanding of the potential traffic risk in highway PPP projects. This guide sets out the sources of traffic risk, how it affects the viability of projects, and actions that governments can take to maximize project success.
The BA-093 system located in the state of Bahia, in Northeast Brazil, comprises a series of roads stretching over 126 kilometers. The system was in a severe state of disrepair, as it had never been properly maintained or rehabilitated since it was built since its development in the 1950s.
The Lima Metro Line 2 project is one of the largest infrastructure projects ever done in Peru. It aims to ease traffic congestion in Peru’s capital, a city close to 10 million inhabitants, responsible for 32 percent of the country’s population and 45 percent of its GDP. Strong economic growth over the last decade, rising incomes and a limited public transport network resulted in an almost 30 percent rise in car ownership in the city.
In the past decade, Colombia has seen remarkable economic growth. Per capita incomes have more than doubled to $2,424 per year in 2014, foreign direct investment inflows are now ten times what they were and the country is ranked highest in the World Bank’s Doing Business report amongst Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. However, public investment in infrastructure stands at a paltry 1.3 percent of GDP, the effects of which are manifest in its poor standing relative to LAC peer countries in infrastructure indices.
Aircraft Act, 1934 and Aircraft Rules, 1937 were enacted to regulate the civil aviation industry in India.
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