South Africa Regulatory Telecommunications Authority (ICASA)
The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) is the official regulator of the South African communications, broadcasting and postal services sectors.
Samoa Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
The official website of Samoa Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
National Regulatory Authority for Communications and Information Technology of Romania: (ANCOM)
The National Authority for Administration and Regulation in Communications (ANCOM) is the institution that promotes the interests of service users by promoting competition and innovation in the markets of electronic communications and postal services, pro-competitive management of limited resources (radio spectrum,
Australian Energy Regulator (AER)
The AER exists to ensure energy consumers are better off, now and in the future. Consumers are at the heart of its work, and it focuses on ensuring a secure, reliable and affordable energy future for Australia.It recognises that energy is an essential service for Australian households and businesses and a critical contributor to the long-term success of the Australian economy.
Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC)
1998 – national electricity market is established
2005 – AEMC is established and assumes responsibility for rule making and market development for the operation of the electricity wholesale market and transmission regulation.
2008 – AEMC’s role expands to economic regulation of:
- electricity distribution network services
- gas transmission and distribution services
- natural gas pipeline access.
2009 – AEMC’s role expands to:
Guinea Technical Report - Public Investment Management Assessment
The IMF’s Technical Report (Public Investment Management Assessment) dated March 2019 includes 20 PPP contracts had been concluded at the time of the report, on the direct negotiation basis and in disregard of controls. None of these contracts are publicly available
政府组织对PPP项目的影响
PPP项目融资中的政府支持
从定义上看，在PPP项目中，总是有政府参与的部分。该部分的形式将取决于国家和项目，包括财务支持、间接或临时支持、实物支持（例如提供土地或设备）、能够支持该国PPP项目或鼓励金融市场提供项目贷款的更广泛的财务机制。
政府风险管理
如“PPP项目融资中的政府支持”部分所述，有效的PPP项目融资可能会涉及到对政府支持的使用，以保证政府能够承担可以由政府管理地更好的风险，并对在经济上可行但是财务上不可行的项目进行补充。如基础设施项目具有大的公共外部性，那么来自政府的直接财务支持可能是合适的。
政府将希望管理政府支持的提供，尤其是通过此类支持机制产生的偶然责任，例如通过政府对担保人付款责任或债务偿还的担保。政府将在下列方面之间寻求平衡：i)在支持基础设施投资时产生的风险以及ii)财务审慎。[1]关注该平衡将帮助政府做出谨慎的决定，确定何时提供公款支持，以及管理通过此类公款支持所产生的责任，并且仍然积极地鼓励基础设施投资。
政府目标：PPP的效益和风险
政府和社会资本合作的潜在效益
有关PPP能如何提供帮助的详细讨论，请前往PPP知识实验室。
2008年以来的经济危机使发达国家和发展中国家再次对PPP给予关注。面临着公共资源和财政空间的限制，再加上认识到投资基础建设对于促进经济发展的重要作用，因此政府逐渐将社会资本视为填补资金缺口的一个替代的额外资金来源。随着近年来将注意力集中在财政风险上，政府也因为其他原因而转而寻求社会资本：