Listed below is a number of toolkits that comprises contracts, leases, affermages, concessions, divestitures relevant to private participation in both water supply and sanitation services, as well an overview of cases around the world.

Perhaps one of the greatest challenges in successfully operating a PPP related to utility services is to effectively deal with “non-technical losses” – a euphemism for theft – of utility services.

Management contracts and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contracts are contracts governing a type of public-private partnership (PPP) agreement. This section explains key features of this type of arrangement, provides sample contracts, bidding documents and checklists.

Resources, toolkits, and documents on water and sanitation sector reform, regulation and PPP projects. (This section includes PPP in Irrigation Projects.)