Following the 1979 construction of Singapore’s first Waste-To-Energy (WTE) plant, the Singapore government would go on to construct three more WTE plants for the country under Design-Build (DB) contracts with the private-sector. This left the government responsible for the financing and operational risk, which was also capital intensive in construction and operation.

The City of Wenzhou was generating approximately 400,000 tons in household waste each year, with a growth rate of 8-10 percent annually. Household waste was collected and disposed in two existing landfills that were approaching maximum capacity. In 2002, the local government decided to pursue a PPP to address the issue.

In response to new European Union (EU) regulations on waste management, the City of Poznań, Poland started planning the construction of a mixed municipal waste-to-energy power plant, referred to as an energy for waste “EfW” project. The project would be the first PPP in this sector in Poland.

In 2014, India’s Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) jointly initiated a wastewater recycling project with a total estimated cost of INR 2.8 billion (USD 40 million).

The resulting PPP project is a 20-year concession for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of a primary wastewater treatment plant with the capacity to treat 1,200 liters of wastewater per second, as well as an auxiliary plant with the capacity to treat 70 liters per second. In addition to the plants, the project entails construction of four emitters for the conduction of wastewater to the primary plant and a network of treated water for supply to five sites within the municipality of Saltillo.

In 2012, a 25-year PPP contract was executed between Hindustan Zinc, a major corporate zinc mining company, and the local government authorities, which included the Udaipur Municipal Corporation and Rajasthan State-Owned Urban Improvement Trust, to develop the city’s first Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).

Starting in 2004, the Government of Karnataka (GoK) together with the World Bank launched the Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project (KUWASIP). The project, first piloted in three cities in Karnataka, aimed to reform the water supply and sanitation sector in Karnataka state. Due to the success of the program, GoK replicated the project in other cities in Karnataka, including Mysore in 2008.

In 1997, the government established the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA) to develop and operate the city’s water infrastructure.

In 2012, the municipality of Ensenada in Mexico was facing deficit of water supply of 130 liters per second. Additionally, Ensenada’s growing population; Valle de Guadalupe’s developing winegrowing industry; the area’s touristic boom; and the increase in commercial exchange with East Asia were further straining this already insufficient supply. To help address this issue, the public authorities decided to pursue the construction of desalination plant in Ensenada.

To increase the opportunities for local companies to participate in the project, the public utility was split into two coverage areas, comprising the portions of the city to the east and west of the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, respectively.