A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) secures the payment stream for a Build-Own Transfer (BOT) or concession project for an independent power plant (IPP). It is between the purchaser "offtaker" (often a state-owned electricity utility) and a privately owned power producer.  The PPA outlined here is not appropriate for electricity sold on the world spot markets (see Deregulated Electricity Markets below). This summary is focused on a base load thermal plant (the issues would differ slightly for mid-range or peaking thermal or hydro plants).

Find sample model / standard provisions for distribution and transmission of electricity developed by France

Leases and affermage contracts are generally public-private sector arrangements under which the private operator is responsible for operating and maintaining the utility but not for financing the investment.

Management contracts and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contracts are contracts governing a type of public-private partnership (PPP) agreement. This section explains key features of this type of arrangement, provides sample contracts, bidding documents and checklists.

Utilities commonly source goods and services from private sector third parties, whether to purchase spare parts or stationery, or to procure civil works such as laying pipes or cables. Utilities may also contract out a particular service, such as customer service.

A government considering ways of improving performance in its utilities may seek to achieve this by involving the private sector through one the forms of PPP Project discussed in Agreements.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) take a wide range of forms varying in the extent of involvement of and risk taken by the private party. The terms of a PPP are typically set out in a contract or agreement to outline the responsibilities of each party and clearly allocate risk. The graph below depicts the spectrum of PPP agreements *.

For a summary of each type of arrangement and sample agreements, see:

• Utility Restructuring, Corporatization and Decentralization

SmartLessons is an awards program to share lessons learned by the International Financial Corporation (IFC) during development-oriented advisory services and investment operations.

 

The online database covers climate and climate-related laws, regulations, policy statements, and other directives issued by national governments.

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The UNFCCC site contains documents and decisions related to the efforts made under this international framework, including the 2000 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement.

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