A form of PPP used extensively in civil law countries, particularly in the water sector is the "empresas mixtas" (mixed ownership enterprise).
This is a form of Joint Venture and the same issues raised in respect of Joint Ventures are relevant here.
For a general discussion of empresas mixtas see Mixed Private-Public Ownership Companies “Empresa Mixta" (2011) This review of the empresa mixta model was undertaken to better understand its structure, applicability and strength in mitigating risks in the water and sanitation sector. The last two decades have provided many lessons on empresas mixtas, particularly in Latin America.
Examples Legal Frameworks for / Examples of Empresas Mixtas
Below are examples of legal frameworks for “empresas mixtas” in several countries in Latin America. These laws cover water, energy, transportation, clean technology and telecommunications. This list also includes additional information, such as studies and analysis of the general legal framework.
Argentina
- Legal Framework:
Decreto - Lei 1946 - DÍCTENSE NORMAS REFERENTES AL REGIMEN DE LAS SOCIEDADES DE ECONOMÍA MIXTA Decreto 15.349/46
Ley 11.672 COMPLEMENTARIA PERMANENTE DE PRESUPUESTO (t.o. 2014) ORDENAMIENTO TEMATICO
Ley 23.696/89
Ley 20.705/74
- Water and Sanitation Concession Model:
Concession model
- Additional Information:
Paper "Las Sociedades de Economía Mixta y las Empresas del Estado en la Legislación Argentina"
Brazil
- Legal Framework:
Brazilian Constitution: "Sociedades de Economia Mista" financial fiscalization articles 70, and 71, II, creation by law article 37, XIX, legal framework article 173, § 1º, creation of subsidiary enterprise article 37, XX, infrastructure and provision service concessions article 22, XXVII,
Decreto-lei 200/67
Lei 6.404/76
- Water and Sanitation Enterprises information:
Official Diary: This link contains administrative acts related to the provision of water services such as summaries of water and sanitation contracts
Colombia
- Legal Framework:
Law 489/98, capitulo XIV
Law 550/99
- Water and Sanitation Enterprises:
Sistema Unico de Información de Servicios Públicos: General information regarding water sector and water and sanitation enterprises
- Additional Information:
National Planning Department of Colombia: General information regarding "Empresas Mixtas":
Costa Rica
- Legal Framework:
Costa Rica does not have specific legal Framework related to "Empresas Mixtas". However, they have laws that authorize this kind of regime for specific enterprises such as: Líneas Aéreas Costarricenses, Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleos y Radiográfica Nacional. Costa Rica does not have a "Empresas Mixtas" regime for water and sanitation sector.
El Salvador
- Legal Framework:
Decree 2336/57 Ley sobre constitución de sociedades por acciones de economía mixta
Peru
- Legal Framework:
Decree 1031/2008
Law 26887/1997: This is the General Corporation Law that addresses the public limited company that is used as the legal framework to "Empresas Mixtas" - Water and Sanitation Enterprises
Enterprises general information (Superintendencia Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento) - Additional Information
Policymaker: National Direction of Sanitation - Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure and Sanitation
Spain
- Legal Framework:
Joint Ventures and Industrial and Regional development Enterprises Taxation Regime Law 18/82
- Water and Sanitation Enterprises information:
Spanish association of Water control and treatment enterprises