Financing
This study is part of a broader program supported by the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) to address the challenges in mobilizing LFC commercial lending into infrastructure and…
Municipalities in low- and middle-income countries confront financing needs that greatly exceed available flows. Currently, most investment in municipal infrastructure is financed directly from…
The World Bank Group, Business Ready (B-READY), assess the business and investment environment worldwide annually. B-READY improves upon and replaces Doing Business.The Business Ready (B-READY) 2025…
A World Bank Group Flagship Report.World Development Report 2025: Standards for Development provides the most comprehensive assessment of the global landscape of standards today and how they can be…
This joint publication of the World Bank and the UN Capital Development Fund aims to help cities and local governments better understand the various climate finance instruments and sources available…
This study constitutes the first systematic assessment of the causes of chronic fiscal weakness in the very poorest economies—those with annual per capita incomes of less than $1,145 a year. These…
CountryRelevant FundTypeBrazilSupport Fund for Structuring and Development of Concession and PPP Projects (FEP) Project Development Division (AEP), including the Project Structuring Fund and the…
There is no one “right” PDF design, only a PDF design which best supports project preparation in a particular jurisdiction. PDFs take a wide range of forms, whether an independent legal entity with…
Once critical design decisions are taken around how a PDF is structured, how it is funded, and the nature of projects it will support, there remain a wide range of PDF operational issues that need to…
A key motivation of PDFs, as noted in Chapter 2, is to improve the quality and efficiency of PPP project preparation through the provision of PPP advisory services. Decisions related to the nature of…
PDFs are often thought of primarily as a funding source. Although it is clear that PDFs are much more than this, decisions related to how PDFs are funded, and the quantum of funds they are able to…
A PDF’s structure is a key determinant of its effectiveness and ability to ensure the quality and efficiency of project preparation. However, PDFs function within and alongside the broader PPP…
Constrained financial resources are a key impediment to the preparation of bankable projects and the overall success of PPP programs.1 The allocation of additional, dedicated funding to PPP project…
Introduction Governments are constrained in their ability to invest sufficiently in infrastructure development. Governments have long been unable to meet infrastructure investment needs due to…
Executive SummaryProject development funds (PDFs) are dedicated vehicles that governments establish to systematically support the preparation of public-private partnerships (PPPs). The lack of…
In 2022, private investment in infrastructure rebounded after years of stagnation, with a 29% rise in transactions and a 41% increase in value over the five-year average. This growth was driven by…
The State of Blended Finance 2023 by Convergence focuses on climate-related blended finance as a key tool for sustainable development. Part I provides a market overview, reviewing previous…
Blended concessional finance (BF)—the use of catalytic public or philanthropic capital to attract private investment—is playing a growing role in advancing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda.…
The OECD DAC Blended Finance Principles offer a clear framework to guide donors in effectively using blended finance to unlock commercial capital for the SDGs. These principles include a five-…
The State of Blended Finance 2024 by Convergence introduces a two-report annual cycle, with a general market report each spring and a climate-focused edition in the fall. This April edition…
Convergence is a global network for blended finance, working to increase private investment in emerging markets and developing economies in support of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement. Based in…
Revenues are a critical component of any financial model, providing the income streams necessary to ensure the viability and sustainability of a project. In infrastructure projects, revenues can come…
Blended finance is a way to improve risk-adjusted returns and mobilize private capital to close infrastructure financing gaps. Sustainable, optimal, and innovative strategies can increase private…
Coming Soon: AI-Generated Curricula on Infrastructure Finance & PPPsWith such a vast array of resources, smart tools are essential. That’s why we’re developing AI-driven solutions to deliver a…