“The Electric Social Compensation Fund (FOSE) promotes profitable RE private investment in off-grid power in rural towns, through subsidies, as part of a social inclusion policy.

The FOSE (legislated through Law No. 27510 of 2001) intends to promote electricity access to all residential customers whose consumption is lower than 100 kWh per month and to promote private investment in rural electrification systems under 20 MW.

This note illustrates how modelling techniques can be used to inform the design of direct subsidy schemes, ensuring that they are both cost-effective and accurate in reaching the target population.

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 The paper explains the experience of the water sector reform in Panamá which grants a direct subsidy to the poor instead of to the utilities.

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Some of the targeted people are those registered on the Beneficiary Selection National System - Sistema Nacional de Selección de Beneficiarios (SISBEN) database older than 16 years old and whose score in said database is between 0 to 40 points. They can avail themselves of a discount of 25% for a maximum of 30 monthly trips. District Decree 603 of 2013 (as modified by Article 2 Decree 131 of 2017.

This document aims to make an initial evaluation of the subsidy schemes established in Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire for providing piped water to the poor, in order to assess how well social and ordinary connections work and possibly apply them in other emerging economies. “A social connection, aimed at the poor, is free, whereas an ordinary connection, aimed at wealthier households, must be paid for.

This document starts with an overview of the water sector in the PPP, trends in different parts of the world, and an analysis of contracting out and outsourcing. Then the study goes in depth on cases of contracting out (services and management contracts in the water sector) in countries such as Chile, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, African, India, Indonesia, and the USA.

A case study of a PPP for the operation, maintenance, and management of existing water and sanitation systems, and the partnership impact on the poor. The public-private partnership has been entered into by an operator called "Water and Sanitation Services South Africa" and the municipality of Queenstown, of the then Queenstown Transitional Local Council area (Eastern Cape Province) in South-Africa.

Utilities often fail to recover through tariffs the costs of operation and maintenance, let alone investment in infrastructure. There is a common perception that tariff increases are politically untenable and so utilities become subsidized out of general taxation, whether there is a deliberate policy to this end or, as is often the case because the service provider cannot balance its books at the end of the fiscal period.

This document studies the existing water concession provisions in Dolphin Coast area in South Africa, including various outcomes before the report was published; different perceptions of several stakeholders; and its impact on poor groups in that particular area. It is a summary of the evaluation of the public-private partnership and its impact.