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Risk Allocation & Management
A clear and stable legal environment is essential for the success of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. It reduces the perception of risk, attracts greater competition, enables broader access…
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PPPs in the EU: Widespread Shortcomings and Limited Benefits (ECA 2018)
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been used across the EU to deliver infrastructure, especially in transport, but only a small portion has involved EU funds. Between 2000–2014, just 84 PPPs…
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Assessing the Welfare and Distributional Impacts of Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure Interventions
This Reference Paper supports World Bank Group (WBG) teams in assessing the welfare and distributional impacts of private sector participation in infrastructure interventions. It underpins the…
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Maximizing Finance for Development: Impact Bonds for Water and Sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean
Access to safe water and sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) remains deeply unequal, hindering progress toward SDG 6. While coverage has improved, millions still lack safely managed…
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Investing in Sustainable Infrastructure in Latin America: Instruments, Strategies and Partnerships for Institutional Investors Mobilization
The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted global and regional economies, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), with an 8.1% economic contraction in 2020. Global energy demand fell…
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The OECD DAC Blended Finance Guidance
Achieving the 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement goals requires scaling up and aligning all financial resources—public and private—with sustainable development objectives. Blended finance is a vital…
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World Bank Group Approaches to Mobilize Private Capital for Development - An Independent Evaluation
This Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) report was led by Senior Evaluation Officer Raghavan Narayanan with contributions from a multidisciplinary team of experts in infrastructure, finance, and…
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Blended Concessional Finance - The Benefits of Transparency and Access
Blended concessional finance is the strategic use of concessional funds from public or philanthropic sources combined with commercial finance from private investors and development finance…
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Beyond Leverage Ratios: A Strategic Approach to Blended Finance
This study rethinks how blended finance should be assessed, shifting the focus from private capital leverage ratios to net social returns, which consider broader economic impacts and taxpayer costs.…
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Annual Reports: DFI Working Group on Blended Concessional Finance for Private Sector Projects
Blended concessional finance—combining concessional funds with Development Finance Institutions’ (DFIs) commercial financing—is used to unlock private investment for sustainable development. …
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Mobilization of Private Finance: 2020+2021 Joint Report
Since the 2015 Addis Ababa conference, MDBs have worked to mobilize private capital to meet the SDGs. Despite setbacks from the 2020 pandemic, MDBs maintained stable private capital mobilization in…
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Scaling Up Blended Finance: The Key to Closing The Infrastructure Investment Gap in Emerging Markets
The global infrastructure gap in emerging markets surged from $0.7 trillion in 2017 to $3 trillion in 2022. Public resources alone are insufficient, and private investors remain hesitant due to high…
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A Focused Assessment of the International Development Association’s Private Sector Window
The IDA PSW is a blended finance mechanism supporting high-risk private investments in IDA and fragile/conflict-affected (FCS) countries through IFC, MIGA, and private partners. This evaluation…
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Blended Finance Best Practice: Case Studies and Lessons Learned
Blended finance strategically uses concessional public or philanthropic funds to reduce investment risks and attract private capital to infrastructure in developing regions. It addresses barriers…
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Mobilization of Private Finance in 2023
Private capital mobilized by multilateral development banks (MDBs) to middle- and low-income countries rose $87.9 billion in 2023, marking a 24 percent increase from the previous year, according to…
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IFC's Blended Finance Program
IFC is a global leader in blended finance, using concessional donor funds to mobilize private investment in high-impact, challenging environments. Since 2010, IFC has committed $5.9 billion to…
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Understanding Hybrid Public-Private Partnerships: A Model for Delivering Infrastructure
Hybrid Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) blend public funds, private investment, and concessional finance—often from the World Bank Group—to deliver essential infrastructure services affordably and…
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Policy Brief: Mobilizing Blended Finance for Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
This policy brief highlights how blended finance can address the $2.5 trillion annual SDG financing gap by mobilizing private capital for Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Despite PPPs’…
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MDB Methodology for Private Investment Mobilization: Reference Guide
This 2018 reference guide, jointly issued by Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), outlines a standardized methodology for measuring and reporting private investment mobilization. It introduces…
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Private Sector Window Utilization and Implementation
The Private Sector Window (PSW), launched in IDA (International Development Association) 18 and continued through IDA20, mobilizes private investment in IDA-only and fragile/conflict-affected…
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New Pathways Towards Mobilizing Private Capital
The World Bank highlights a shift from solely financing assets to financing risk capital to mobilize private capital more effectively, especially for climate and development needs. Amid fiscal…
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Mobilizing Private Capital for the Sustainable Development Goals
This paper reviews financial instruments and regulatory strategies aimed at mobilizing private investment for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Using a theoretical framework that…
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How Blended Finance Can Reorient Cautious Private Investors to Infrastructure
The growing dominance of private capital, amid declining public wealth and rising debt, highlights the need to mobilize private finance to close the $3 trillion annual infrastructure gap. …
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Blended Finance in Infrastructure
Published in February 2024 by the Global Infrastructure Hub (G20 initiative), this report analyses 162 emerging market blended finance infrastructure deals (2013–2022), totalling USD 34 billion.…
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Using Blended Concessional Finance to Invest in Challenging Markets
The Blended Finance Facility (BFF), part of the IDA Private Sector Window, combines concessional IDA funds with IFC financing to support high-impact, commercially challenging private sector projects…