Financing and Risk Mitigation
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Unlocking Local Finance For Sustainable Infrastructure
This study is part of a broader program supported by the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) to address the challenges in mobilizing LFC commercial lending into infrastructure and…
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Fiscal Vulnerabilities in Low-Income Countries: Evolution, Drivers, and Policies
This study constitutes the first systematic assessment of the causes of chronic fiscal weakness in the very poorest economies—those with annual per capita incomes of less than $1,145 a year. These…
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Credit Rating Stylized Analytical Tool
The World Bank has developed a technical assistance (TA) package to assist governments in improving the management of explicit and implicit contingent liabilities from public corporations. It…
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Scenario Analysis Tool for Assessment and Monitoring of Government Guarantees: A Guidance Note
This paper, Scenario Analysis Tool for Assessment and Monitoring of Government Guarantees: A Guidance Note, describes the methodology, gives examples, and gives directions on using the…
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Structure - Primer on Project Development Funds
A PDF’s structure is a key determinant of its effectiveness and ability to ensure the quality and efficiency of project preparation. However, PDFs function within and alongside the broader PPP…
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Executive Summary - Primer on Project Development Funds
Executive SummaryProject development funds (PDFs) are dedicated vehicles that governments establish to systematically support the preparation of public-private partnerships (PPPs). The lack of…
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Introduction - Primer on Project Development Funds
Introduction Governments are constrained in their ability to invest sufficiently in infrastructure development. Governments have long been unable to meet infrastructure investment needs due to…
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Motivations and Experience - Primer on Project Development Funds
Constrained financial resources are a key impediment to the preparation of bankable projects and the overall success of PPP programs.1 The allocation of additional, dedicated funding to PPP project…
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Funding - Primer on Project Development Funds
PDFs are often thought of primarily as a funding source. Although it is clear that PDFs are much more than this, decisions related to how PDFs are funded, and the quantum of funds they are able to…
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Lessons for Practitioners - Primer on Project Development Funds
There is no one “right” PDF design, only a PDF design which best supports project preparation in a particular jurisdiction. PDFs take a wide range of forms, whether an independent legal entity with…
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Operational Considerations - Primer on Project Development Funds
Once critical design decisions are taken around how a PDF is structured, how it is funded, and the nature of projects it will support, there remain a wide range of PDF operational issues that need to…
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List of Government PDFs (Annex) - Primer on Project Development Funds
CountryRelevant FundTypeBrazilSupport Fund for Structuring and Development of Concession and PPP Projects (FEP) Project Development Division (AEP), including the Project Structuring Fund and the…
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Project Selection - Primer on Project Development Funds
A key motivation of PDFs, as noted in Chapter 2, is to improve the quality and efficiency of PPP project preparation through the provision of PPP advisory services. Decisions related to the nature of…
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Blended Finance for Climate Investments in India
The Blended Finance for Climate Investments in India report, published by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) on March 13, 2024, explores the use of blended finance—mixing public and private…
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Toolkits for Policymakers to Green the Financial System
The World Bank’s 2021 report, Toolkits for Policymakers to Green the Financial System, provides an overview of policy tools available to public authorities—such as finance ministries, central banks,…
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Understanding Global Concessional Climate Finance 2024
According to the Climate Policy Initiative’s Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023, international concessional climate finance rose by 50% since 2019, reaching USD 81 billion in 2022. …
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Promoting Gender Equality through Performance-based Financial Incentives: An Analysis of IDB Invest’s Experience
This guide highlights the use of performance-based incentives (PBIs)—like interest rate reductions tied to gender targets—as a tool for development finance practitioners to promote gender equality.…
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Blended Finance and the Gender-Energy Nexus: A Stocktaking Report
This report, authored by Ayesha Bery and colleagues, reviews current practices in gender-responsive climate blended finance, focusing on the energy sector. It is structured in three parts: …
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Closing the Gender Finance Gap through the Use of Blended Finance
Women-owned and women-led SMEs (WSMEs) face major barriers to accessing capital, particularly in emerging markets. Blended finance—concessional public or philanthropic funding combined with…
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Blended Finance can Catalyze Renewable Energy Investments in Low-Income Countries
Achieving the SDGs requires large-scale investment in developing countries. Blended finance—using concessional public funds to attract private investment—helps de-risk projects and enable impactful…
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Infrastructure Monitor 2023: Global Trends in Private Investment in Infrastructure
In 2022, private investment in infrastructure rebounded after years of stagnation, with a 29% rise in transactions and a 41% increase in value over the five-year average. This growth was driven by…
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Outcome-Based Concessional Blended Finance for Sustainable Financing: Key Lessons and Insights from Latin America
This study by CIF-TAF and IDB Invest explores how outcome-based concessional blended finance, paired with technical assistance, can drive sustainability in financial institutions (FIs). Using…
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State of Blended Finance 2023
The State of Blended Finance 2023 by Convergence focuses on climate-related blended finance as a key tool for sustainable development. Part I provides a market overview, reviewing previous…
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Hybrid PPPs: Turning risk into viability
Hybrid Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) address a key infrastructure challenge: when financially sound projects remain unbankable due to viability gaps—where projected revenues fall short of costs…